Often referred to as the “silent thief of sight”, glaucoma can develop gradually with few noticeable symptoms in its early stages. This is why understanding the early signs of glaucoma and attending regular eye exams is so important.

The good news is that modern diagnostic technology, including OCT scans for glaucoma, allows opticians to detect signs of the condition earlier than ever, helping protect long-term vision.

In this guide, we’ll explain what glaucoma is, the symptoms to watch for, who is at risk, how it is diagnosed, and why early detection could make all the difference.

What Is Glaucoma?

Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve, which carries visual information from the eye to the brain. The damage is often associated with increased pressure inside the eye (intraocular pressure), although glaucoma can also occur when eye pressure remains within normal limits.

Once optic nerve damage occurs, it cannot be reversed. However, early diagnosis and treatment can significantly slow or prevent further vision loss. According to the NHS, glaucoma affects hundreds of thousands of people across the UK and becomes increasingly common with age.

Why Is Glaucoma Called The Silent Thief Of Sight?

One of the biggest challenges with glaucoma is that many forms develop without obvious symptoms. The most common type of glaucoma, Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG), usually develops slowly over many years. During the early stages:

• Vision often appears normal
• There is usually no pain
• Daily activities remain unaffected
• Changes occur gradually and may go unnoticed

Because the brain compensates for missing areas of vision, many people do not realise anything is wrong until significant optic nerve damage has already occurred. This is why routine eye examinations are so important for glaucoma detection.

What Are The Early Signs Of Glaucoma?

Unfortunately, many patients expect obvious warning signs that simply do not exist. However, there are several early signs of glaucoma that should never be ignored.

Gradual Loss Of Peripheral Vision:

One of the most common early glaucoma symptoms is a gradual reduction in side vision. Many people describe this as:

• Missing objects to the side
• Difficulty noticing movement in peripheral vision
• Bumping into objects more frequently

Because central vision often remains unaffected initially, this change can be difficult to recognise without professional testing.

Patchy Blind Spots:

As glaucoma progresses, small areas of vision may become missing. These blind spots often develop gradually and may not be noticed during normal daily activities. Visual field testing can detect these changes long before they become obvious.

Difficulty Adjusting To Low Light:

Some people with developing glaucoma report increasing difficulty seeing in dim lighting conditions. Whilst this symptom can have many causes, it should always be investigated during an eye examination.

Reduced Contrast Sensitivity:

People may notice difficulty distinguishing similar shades, reduced visual clarity, and challenges seeing steps, kerbs, or objects against similar backgrounds. Again, these changes often occur gradually.

Symptoms Of Acute Angle Closure Glaucoma (PACG)

Unlike open angle glaucoma, acute angle closure glaucoma is a medical emergency. Symptoms can appear suddenly and require immediate treatment. These glaucoma symptoms may include:

• Severe eye pain
• Sudden blurred vision
• Red eyes
• Headache
• Nausea and vomiting
• Seeing rainbow-coloured haloes around lights
• Rapid vision loss

Anyone experiencing these symptoms should seek urgent medical attention immediately. Without prompt treatment, permanent sight loss can occur within hours or days.

Understanding The Different Types Of Glaucoma

Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG)

This is the most common form of glaucoma in the UK. It develops when the eye’s drainage system becomes less efficient over time, causing pressure to build gradually. The condition usually progresses slowly and painlessly, making regular eye tests essential for early detection.

Normal Tension Glaucoma (NTG)

One of the most misunderstood forms of glaucoma is normal tension glaucoma. In this condition, optic nerve damage occurs even though eye pressure remains within normal range. Researchers believe reduced blood flow to the optic nerve may contribute to the condition.

This highlights an important fact: normal eye pressure does not necessarily mean there is no risk of glaucoma. Comprehensive eye exams remain essential.

Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma (PACG)

This occurs when the drainage angle between the iris and cornea becomes blocked. Pressure can rise rapidly, creating a medical emergency.

Although less common than open angle glaucoma, it can cause severe symptoms and rapid vision loss if left untreated.

Secondary Glaucoma

Secondary glaucoma develops as a result of another condition or factor. Potential causes include:

• Eye injuries
• Inflammation within the eye (Uveitis)
• Certain medications, particularly long-term steroid use
• Diabetes (Neovascular)
• Previous eye surgery (Iatrogenic)

Treatment often focuses on both the glaucoma and its underlying cause.

Who Is Most At Risk Of Glaucoma?

Whilst anyone can develop glaucoma, certain risk factors increase the likelihood. This is also why vision and ageing are so closely linked — glaucoma is one of several eye conditions that become more common as we get older.

• Age: Risk increases significantly after the age of 40.
• Family History: If a parent, sibling, or close relative has glaucoma, your risk may be significantly higher. This is one of the strongest risk factors for developing the condition.
• Ethnicity: Compared to people of European origin, people of African-Caribbean origin are more likely to develop primary open angle glaucoma. They’re also likely to develop it at a younger age.
• Medical Conditions: Risk may be increased by diabetes, high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, severe short-sightedness, and long-term steroid use.

How Is Glaucoma Diagnosed?

A comprehensive glaucoma test involves several assessments.

• Eye Pressure Measurement: Tonometry measures intraocular pressure. Whilst important, pressure measurements alone cannot diagnose or rule out glaucoma.
• Optic Nerve Examination: Your optometrist will examine the optic nerve for signs of damage. Subtle changes can often be detected before symptoms appear.
• Visual Field Testing: Visual field tests measure peripheral vision and identify areas of vision loss. These tests are particularly valuable for monitoring glaucoma progression.
• Corneal Thickness Measurement: Corneal thickness can influence eye pressure readings and help provide a more complete assessment.

The Role Of OCT Scans For Glaucoma

One of the most significant advances in glaucoma detection optician services is Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT).

An OCT scan for glaucoma uses light waves to create detailed cross-sectional images of structures inside the eye. The technology allows optometrists to assess:

• Optic nerve health
• Retinal nerve fibre layouts
• Early structural changes
• Potential glaucoma damage before symptoms occur

Because glaucoma often causes microscopic structural changes before vision loss becomes noticeable, OCT scans can play a vital role in early diagnosis. For a closer look at how the scan works, what it can detect, and whether you need one, see our full guide: What Is An OCT Scan and Do You Need One?

At D.I. Blow Opticians, OCT technology enhances traditional eye exams by providing detailed insights that may help identify concerns sooner and support ongoing monitoring. For many patients, OCT scanning offers additional reassurance and a more comprehensive understanding of their eye health.

What Happens If Glaucoma Is Found?

A glaucoma diagnosis does not automatically mean significant vision loss is inevitable. Treatment aims to reduce pressure on the optic nerve and slow progression. Common treatments include:

• Prescription Eye Drops: Often the first-line treatment. These help reduce eye pressure or improve fluid drainage.
• Laser Treatment: Laser procedures may improve drainage and help lower pressure.
• Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be recommended to create new drainage pathways and more effectively control intraocular pressure.

Glaucoma remains one of the most serious eye conditions because it can develop silently and cause irreversible damage before symptoms become obvious. Understanding the early signs of glaucoma, recognising risk factors, and attending regular eye examinations are among the best ways to protect your vision. For further information and support, the Glaucoma UK charity offers additional resources and a helpline.

At D.I. Blow Opticians, advanced glaucoma detection techniques and OCT imaging help provide a more detailed assessment of eye health, giving patients confidence that potential issues can be identified as early as possible. If you’re due a check-up, or simply want the reassurance of a thorough test, book an appointment at your local D.I. Blow Opticians practice today.

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Millions of people in the UK experience dry eye symptoms, yet many continue to suffer without understanding the underlying cause. Fortunately, modern eye care has advanced significantly, with new treatments such as IPL dry eye therapy providing relief for patients who have found limited success with traditional treatments.

In this guide, we’ll explore the causes of dry eyes, available treatments, prevention strategies, and how innovative IPL therapy is changing how opticians treat this common condition.

What Is Dry Eye Syndrome?

Dry eye syndrome occurs when your eyes either:

• Do not produce enough tears
• Produce poor-quality tears
• Experience tears that evaporate too quickly

Tears are essential for maintaining healthy vision and comfortable eyes. They lubricate the eye’s surface, wash away any debris, and help protect against infection. When the tear film becomes unstable, symptoms can range from mild irritation to significant discomfort and visual disturbances. According to the NHS, dry eyes are very common and can usually be managed well with the right treatment once the underlying cause is identified.

According to eye care specialists, one of the most common causes of dry eye syndrome is dysfunction of the meibomian glands – tiny oil-producing glands located along the eyelids that help prevent tears from evaporating too quickly.

Common Symptoms of Dry Eye Syndrome

Symptoms can vary from person to person, but often include:

• Burning or stinging eyes
• Gritty or sandy sensations
• Redness
• Itchiness
• Excessive watering
• Blurred or fluctuating vision
• Light sensitivity
• Eye fatigue
• Difficulty wearing contact lenses
• Mucus around the eyes

Many people are surprised to learn that watery eyes can actually be a symptom of dry eye syndrome. When the eyes become irritated due to dryness, they may overproduce reflex tears that do not provide long-lasting lubrication.

What Causes Dry Eyes?

Understanding the causes of dry eyes is essential for finding the most effective treatment.

Meibomian Gland Dysfunction (MGD)

Meibomian Gland Dysfunction, or MGD, is considered the leading cause of dry eye syndrome. The meibomian glands produce oil that forms the outer layer of the tear film. When these glands become blocked or stop functioning properly, tears evaporate much more quickly.

Common contributors include ageing, hormonal changes, rosacea, blepharitis, and poor eyelid hygiene.

Digital Eye Strain

Modern lifestyles mean many of us spend hours looking at screens every day. When using computers, tablets, or smartphones, blink rates can decrease by up to 60%, reducing tear distribution across the eye’s surface. This is why dry eye syndrome is often worse during work hours.

For more information about digital eye strain, read our guide here.

Ageing

Natural tear production typically decreases with age. Dry eye syndrome becomes increasingly common in people over 50 and is particularly prevalent among post-menopausal women.

Contact Lens Wear

Contact lenses can disrupt the tear film and increase tear evaporation. Long-term contact lens wearers may be more likely to experience dry eye syndrome.

Environmental Factors

External factors frequently contribute to dry eye symptoms, including air conditioning, central heating, wind, smoke, pollution, and low-humidity environments.

Medical Conditions

Certain health conditions can increase the risk of dry eye syndrome, including:

• Diabetes
• Thyroid disorder
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Sjögren’s syndrome
• Rosacea

Medications

Some medications can reduce tear production, including:

• Antihistamines
• Antidepressants
• Blood pressure medication
• Hormonal treatments
• Acne medications

How Is Dry Eye Diagnosed?

A professional dry eye assessment is often the best way to identify the underlying cause of symptoms. At D.I. Blow Opticians, specialist dry eye assessments can help determine whether symptoms are linked to:

• Tear deficiency
• Excessive tear evaporation
• Meibomian Gland Dysfunction
• Eyelid inflammation
• Environmental factors

Modern imaging technologies can also assess meibomian gland health and identify issues that may not be visible during a standard eye examination. The College of Optometrists’ patient guidance, Look After Your Eyes, has further background on dry eye if you’d like to read more before your appointment.

Traditional Dry Eye Treatments

Treatment recommendations depend on the underlying causes and severity of symptoms.

Artificial Tears

Lubricating eye drops, or artificial tears, remain one of the most common dry eye treatments. These provide temporary relief by supplementing natural tears.

Warm Compresses

Applying gentle heat to the eyelids can help soften oils within blocked meibomian glands. This is often recommended for patients with evaporative dry eye.

Eyelid Hygiene

Regular cleaning of the eyelid margins can reduce inflammation and improve gland function.

Omega-3 Supplements

Some patients find dietary changes and omega-3 supplementation beneficial for supporting tear quality.

Environmental Modifications

Simple changes can significantly reduce symptoms, such as using humidifiers, taking screen breaks, increasing hydration, and avoiding direct airflow from fans or heating systems.

IPL Dry Eye Therapy: A Revolutionary Treatment For Dry Eye

One of the most exciting developments in dry eye treatment is Intense Pulsed Light (IPL) therapy. Unlike traditional treatments that primarily focus on managing symptoms, IPL aims to address one of the most common underlying causes of dry eye: Meibomian Gland Dysfunction (MGD).

At D.I. Blow Opticians, IPL therapy is now available at select practices, providing patients with access to a clinically proven treatment option that improves long-term comfort and vision quality.

What Is IPL Dry Eye Therapy?

IPL stands for Intense Pulsed Light. Originally developed for dermatology treatments, IPL uses carefully controlled pulses of broad-spectrum light to target inflammation and improve meibomian gland dysfunction.

How Does IPL Treat Dry Eye?

The treatment works through several mechanisms:

Unblocking Meibomian Glands:

The gentle heat generated by IPL helps liquefy thickened oils trapped within blocked glands, allowing them to function more effectively.

Reducing Inflammation:

Inflammation plays a major role in dry eye disease. IPL can reduce inflammatory blood vessels around the eyelids, helping to create a healthier environment for tear production.

Improved Tear Film Stability:

By restoring healthier oil production, IPL helps reduce tear evaporation and improve tear film quality.

Reduced Bacterial Load:

IPL may also reduce bacteria and microscopic organisms that contribute to eyelid inflammation and gland dysfunction.

What Happens During IPL Treatment?

Many patients are pleasantly surprised by how straightforward the procedure is.

A typical appointment may involve:

• A detailed dry eye assessment
• Cleansing of the treatment area
• Protective eye shields
• A series of gentle light pulses is applied around the eyelids
• Post-treatment guidance

The treatment itself is usually completed within minutes and does not require surgery or significant recovery time. Most treatment plans involve multiple sessions spread over several weeks to achieve optimal results.

Does IPL Dry Eye Therapy Work?

This is often the first question patients ask. The evidence continues to grow.

Recent systematic reviews have found that IPL therapy can produce clinically meaningful improvements in dry eye symptoms, particularly for patients with meibomian gland dysfunction.

Importantly, IPL is not simply masking symptoms. The treatment targets gland function and inflammation, helping improve the quality of tears being produced. However, like any treatment, results vary between individuals. Some patients notice significant improvements after a few sessions, whilst others may require ongoing maintenance treatments.

Who Is A Good Candidate For IPL?

IPL dry eye therapy may be suitable for people who:

• Have chronic dry eye symptoms
• Have Meibomian Gland Dysfunction (MGD)
• Experience frequent irritation despite using eye drops
• Have ocular rosacea
• Want a longer-term treatment option

A professional assessment is the best way to determine whether IPL is appropriate for your specific condition.

Are There Any Risks Or Side Effects?

IPL is generally considered safe when performed by trained professionals using specialist equipment.

Temporary side effects may include:

• Mild redness
• Slight swelling
• Temporary skin sensitivity

Most side effects are short-lived and resolve quickly.

FAQs

What Causes Dry Eye Syndrome?

Dry eye syndrome most commonly develops due to Meibomian Gland Dysfunction (MGD), where the oil-producing glands along the eyelids become blocked and tears evaporate too quickly. Other common contributors include digital screen use, ageing, contact lens wear, environmental factors like air conditioning and low humidity, certain medical conditions such as diabetes and rosacea, and some medications including antihistamines and antidepressants.

What Are The Symptoms Of Dry Eye Syndrome?

Common symptoms include burning or stinging eyes, a gritty or sandy sensation, redness, itchiness, excessive watering, blurred or fluctuating vision, light sensitivity, and difficulty wearing contact lenses. Watery eyes can actually be a sign of dry eye syndrome, as irritated eyes may overproduce reflex tears that don’t provide lasting lubrication.

How Is Dry Eye Syndrome Diagnosed?

A professional dry eye assessment helps identify whether symptoms are linked to tear deficiency, excessive tear evaporation, Meibomian Gland Dysfunction, eyelid inflammation, or environmental factors. At D.I. Blow Opticians, specialist dry eye assessments use modern imaging technology to assess meibomian gland health that isn’t always visible during a standard eye exam.

What Is IPL Dry Eye Therapy And How Does It Help?

IPL (Intense Pulsed Light) therapy uses controlled pulses of light to target inflammation and improve Meibomian Gland Dysfunction, the leading cause of dry eye. It works by helping unblock the meibomian glands, reducing inflammation, and improving tear film stability, addressing the underlying cause rather than just masking symptoms.

Can Dry Eye Syndrome Be Cured?

For many people, dry eye syndrome is a manageable, ongoing condition rather than one that’s permanently ‘cured’, though treatments like IPL therapy can produce significant, longer-lasting improvement by treating the underlying gland dysfunction rather than just the symptoms. Ongoing habits like good eyelid hygiene and reducing screen time can also help keep symptoms under control.

If you’re experiencing symptoms of dry eye syndrome, a specialist assessment at D.I. Blow Opticians can help identify the underlying cause and determine whether treatments such as IPL therapy could help restore comfort, vision quality, and eye health. Book an appointment with your local practice to get started.

The post A Complete Guide To Dry Eye: Causes, Treatments & Prevention appeared first on D.I.Blow Opticians.

What Is Eye Strain?

Eye strain, also called asthenopia, refers to a group of symptoms that occur when your eyes get tired from intense use. It’s especially common in today’s digital age, where screens are central to both work and leisure. Eye strain is usually temporary and should ease once your eyes get a chance to rest — it doesn’t cause permanent damage to your eyes or your vision. The good news is, with the right strategies and care, most eye strain can be prevented or significantly reduced.

Common Symptoms of Eye Strain

Recognising eye strain early can help you address it before it affects your productivity and comfort. Symptoms may vary, but often include:

• Headaches: Persistent or recurring headaches after visual tasks like screen use or reading.
• Blurry or Double Vision: Difficulty focusing clearly, especially during or after intensive tasks.
• Dry or Watery Eyes: Screen use often reduces blink rate, leading to dry irritated eyes.
• Eye Soreness or Tension: Burning, itching, or a tired feeling around the eyes.
• Sensitivity to Light: Increased discomfort in bright environments.
• Difficulty Refocusing: Struggling to switch focus between near and far tasks.
• Twitching Eyelids: Involuntary eyelid spasms brought on by tired eye muscles.
• Neck, Shoulder or Back Pain: Poor posture while straining to focus, especially at a screen, can cause tension beyond the eyes themselves.

What Causes Eye Strain?

There’s no single cause of eye strain; rather, several everyday factors contribute to it:

Prolonged Screen Time

Long hours spent in front of computers, tablets, or phones is one of the most common culprits. Concentrating on close-up tasks reduces blinking and stresses your eye muscles. Computer use strains eyes more than reading print material because people tend to:

• Blink less whilst using computers, and blinking is key to moistening the eyes
• View digital screens at less-than-ideal distances or angles
• Use devices that have glare or reflection
• Use devices with poor contrast between the text and the background

Additionally, people who work with electronic screens are prone to eye conditions such as Computer Vision Syndrome, which is common among people who use VDU (Visual Display Units) screens at work. These screens can cause stress and eye issues.

To find out more about Computer Vision Syndrome, read our guide here.

Extended Reading or Close Work

Reading small print or focusing on intricate tasks for long periods can fatigue your eye muscles.

Visual Tasks on the Move

Driving for long distances, particularly in the dark, can cause visual fatigue.

Inadequate Lighting

Too much glare or very dim light forces your eyes to work harder.

Stress and Fatigue

General tiredness can amplify eye strain symptoms, even with normal visual activities.

Understanding Ocular Surface Disease

For some people, persistent eye strain is linked to ocular surface disease — a condition where the surface of the eye dries out more quickly than usual, and doesn’t have enough natural lubrication to repair itself. This makes the eye’s surface film prone to tearing, leaving the eyes feeling drained, gritty and tired, and can make it harder to focus on objects. If eye strain keeps coming back despite good screen habits and regular breaks, this may be a contributing factor worth raising with your optometrist. Our complete guide to dry eye covers the causes, diagnosis and treatment options, including IPL therapy, in much more depth.

Solutions for Relief

Take Regular Breaks

Use the 20/20/20 rule. Every 20 minutes, look at something 20 feet away for 20 seconds. This helps your eye muscles relax and reduces fatigue during long screen sessions.

Optimise Your Environment

• Ensure balanced lighting with minimal glare
• Position your monitor at a comfortable distance (20-24 inches from your eyes) and slightly below eye level (10-15 degrees below)
• Adjust screen brightness and contrast to suit your surroundings

Wear The Correct Eyewear

If you’re already struggling with eye strain, your prescription may need updating or your glasses may not be optimised for screen work.

Keep Your Eyes Hydrated

When focusing, we blink less, which dries out the eyes. Try to blink regularly and use lubricating eye drops if your eyes feel dry or irritated.

Improve the Air Quality of Your Space

Some changes that may help prevent dry eyes include using a humidifier, adjusting the thermostat to reduce blowing air, and avoiding smoke.

Professional Eye Examinations

Routine eye exams are central to healthy vision and comfort. During your appointment at D.I. Blow Opticians, we’ll:

• Evaluate your visual demands and screen habits
• Screen for underlying issues like dry eye or uncorrected prescription changes
• Recommend personalised solutions, including tailored lenses or lifestyle adjustments

When to Seek Expert Care

Most eye strain can be reduced with lifestyle adjustments and appropriate eyewear. However, if symptoms persist despite taking breaks and improving your visual habits, it’s advisable to consult a professional. Persistent strain can sometimes signal underlying conditions, such as dry eye syndrome or vision changes, that require tailored care.

At D.I. Blow Opticians, we use advanced diagnostic tools, including retinal imaging and OCT scanning, as part of our comprehensive eye exams to ensure your eyes are healthy and your vision needs are fully understood.

Eye strain doesn’t have to be an unavoidable part of daily life. With the right approach, combining smart visual habits, ergonomic setups, and professional care, you can reduce discomfort and protect your long-term eye health.

Book an eye examination with D.I. Blow Opticians to get expert advice and solutions tailored to your vision and lifestyle, whether it’s digital strain, updated prescriptions, or specialised lenses that you need.

The post Eye Strain Symptoms: Causes and Solutions appeared first on D.I.Blow Opticians.

What is Astigmatism?

Typically, our eyeballs are round, but those with astigmatism will have an eye shape more akin to that of a rugby ball. This means that light entering your eyes bends unevenly, not focusing correctly on the retina, and affects your vision at all distances. You can either be born with astigmatism or it can develop over time.

What Causes Astigmatism?

Astigmatism is usually hereditary. It can also be caused by your eyelids putting too much pressure on your cornea. Health conditions don’t usually cause astigmatism; however, some conditions that can cause astigmatism include:

• Eye injuries
• Keratoconus
• Complications after eye surgery

Types of Astigmatism

A standard eye has a spherical cornea or lens, meaning the curves around the eye are the same. An eye with astigmatism has a steep curve and a flat curve, also known as the two principal meridians.

Regular Astigmatism

Regular astigmatism occurs when the two principal meridians are 90 degrees apart, with one meridian steeper than the other.

This type of astigmatism is the most common and can be corrected by glasses, contact lenses, or laser surgery.

Irregular Astigmatism

Where regular astigmatism occurs when the two principal meridians are always at right angles, irregular astigmatism happens when the two principal meridians are not symmetrical. The curvature of your cornea is uneven. This type of astigmatism is harder to correct than regular astigmatism.

Irregular astigmatism is typically caused by eye diseases such as keratoconus, corneal degeneration, corneal scarring, or ocular surface disease.

What are the Symptoms of Astigmatism?

The most common symptoms of astigmatism are blurred vision and the inability to see details on objects, such as the words printed on a menu in front of you or letters on a road sign in the distance.

Other astigmatism symptoms include:
• Headaches
• Fatigue
• Eye strain
• Squinting to see clearly
• Seeing a glare or halos around lights

Young children might not know that there’s anything wrong with their vision, even if they’re experiencing symptoms. Take your child to the optometrist if you notice them squinting, rubbing their eyes, or having frequent headaches.

Astigmatism in one eye may cause amblyopia, also known as lazy eye. It’s important that this is spotted early so it can be treated.

How is Astigmatism Diagnosed?

Your optometrist can diagnose astigmatism during an eye exam. Your optometrist might use a few tests to diagnose astigmatism, including:

• Visual Acuity Test: A visual acuity test is a test that checks your vision. You’ve had a visual acuity test if you’ve ever looked at a wall chart of letters or symbols during an eye exam.
• Refraction Test: Your optometrist will measure how much light is focused and is bent as it enters your eye.
• Keratometry: Keratometry measures your cornea’s curve.
• Slit Lamp Exam: A slit lamp is a special microscope with a bright light that your optometrist shines into your eye. They’ll adjust the brightness and thickness of the light’s beam to see the different layers and parts of your eye.

Treatments for Astigmatism

Astigmatism doesn’t always require treatment, but treatment options may include glasses, contact lenses, or laser surgery.

Glasses Pros:

• The cheapest option
• May be available free or discounted on the NHS

Glasses Cons:

• Could get lost or broken

Contact Lenses Pros:

• Choice of soft or hard lenses
• It can be a good choice if you have an active lifestyle
• May be free or discounted on the NHS

Contact Lenses Cons:

• It may not be suitable for everyone
• Risk of eye infection through poor contact lens hygiene

Laser Eye or Lens Surgery Pros:

• May be permanent
• It may be better for people with more severe vision problems

Laser Eye or Lens Surgery Cons:

• Risk of complications during or after surgery
• Not available on the NHS
• Can be expensive
• Possible side effects

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Astigmatism is a common vision problem, but it can be easily and effectively corrected. For more on this and other common eye conditions, see our full eye health guide. If you suspect that you may have astigmatism or have experienced a change in your vision, get in contact with your local D.I. Blow Opticians today.

The post What Is Astigmatism and How Is It Corrected? appeared first on D.I.Blow Opticians.

What Is A Cataract?

A cataract is a clouding of the lens in the eye that affects vision. According to the NHS, most cataracts are related to ageing, and they’re very common in older people.

A cataract can occur in either or both eyes. It cannot spread from one eye to the other.

There are many different types of cataracts. Not all cataracts cause symptoms. If a cataract causes no symptoms, it can usually be left alone. If symptoms, such as blurred vision, occur then cataracts can be treated very successfully with surgery.

The Lens

The lens is a clear part of the eye that helps to focus light, or an image, on the retina. The retina is the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye.

In a normal eye, light passes through the transparent lens to the retina. Once it reaches the retina, light is changed into nerve signals that are sent to the brain. The lens must be clear for the retina to receive a sharp image. If the lens is cloudy from a cataract, the image you see will be blurred.

What Causes Cataracts?

The lens lies behind the iris and pupil. It works much like a camera lens. It focuses light onto the retina at the back of the eye where an image is recorded. The lens also adjusts the eye’s focus, letting us see things clearly both up close and far away. The lens is made of mostly water and protein. The protein is arranged in a precise way that keeps the lens clear and lets light pass through it.

But as we age, some of the protein may clump together and start to cloud a small area of the lens. This is a cataract. Over time, the cataract may grow larger and cloud more of the lens, making it harder to see.

As you become older, you might also find that the lens begins to acquire a brownish shade. If you have advanced lens discolouration, you may not be able to identify blues and purples.

Cataracts are associated with the sun and so are far more common in areas of the world such as India and Africa. Other causes include injury, diabetes, smoking, certain drugs, and some ocular diseases.

Whilst cataracts are commonest in older people, they can occur at any age. Some children are born with cataracts, this is known as congenital cataracts.

Cataract Symptoms

The most common cataract symptoms are:
• Cloudy or blurry vision
• Colours seeming to fade
• Glare, headlights, lamps, or sunlight might appear too bright. A halo may appear around lights
• Poor night vision
• Double vision or multiple images in one eye.
• Frequent prescription changes

Because cataracts normally develop very slowly over many years, most people don’t notice the gradual deterioration in their vision until it starts to interfere with their daily activity, or it is spotted by their optometrist.

Different Types of Cataracts

• Secondary Cataract: Cataracts can form after surgery for other eye problems, such as glaucoma. Cataracts also can develop in people who have other health problems, such as diabetes. Cataracts are sometimes linked to steroid use.
• Traumatic Cataract: Cataracts can develop after an eye injury, sometimes years later.
• Congenital Cataract: Some babies are born with cataracts or develop them in childhood, often in both eyes. These cataracts may be so small that they do not affect vision. If they do, the lenses may need to be removed.
• Radiation Cataract: Cataracts can develop after exposure to some types of radiation.

How Is A Cataract Detected?

Cataracts are detected through a comprehensive eye exam that includes:
• Visual Acuity Test: This eye chart test measures how well you can see at various distances.
• Dilated Eye Exam: Drops are placed in your eyes to widen, or dilate, the pupils. Your optometrist uses a special magnifying lens to examine your retina and optic nerve for signs of damage and other eye problems.
• Tonometry: An instrument measures the pressure inside the eye.

How Are Cataracts Treated?

The most effective treatment for cataracts is an operation to remove the cataract and replace the cloudy lens with a clear artificial implant.

The lens of each eye should be clear in order for your eyes to work properly. When glasses no longer improve your vision, the only way to restore your vision is by having the cataract removed by surgery.

The Cataract Operation

Cataract surgery is one of the most common and quickest surgeries performed today. Modern cataract surgery, called phacoemulsification, is usually performed under local anaesthetic as a day case procedure. During the surgery, a tiny incision is made into the eye and the lens removed with an ultra-sound probe. The capsule of the lens is left behind and this is used to house the new lens implant. The whole procedure takes between 15 and 20 minutes and the visual recovery is very quick with most patients noticing improved vision within a matter of days.

Lens Implant Types

Each patient and each eye are different. Measurements are taken prior to surgery, called biometry, to establish the correct lens power for the individual eye. Lens implants also come in different types. The two major categories of lens implants are:

Monofocal Lenses

The vast majority of patients have this lens type put in. These provide good distance vision, but glasses are required for close work.

Multifocal Lenses

These lenses offer a high probability of achieving glasses independence, providing patients the ability to see far as well as to read without glasses.

However, patients can experience a reduction in contrast sensitivity, especially in dim lighting, as well as halos and glare around lights at night.

The pre-operative preparations for patients interested in multifocal lens implants are more involved than when monofocal lenses are being used, a wider range of issues need to be discussed, and the post-operative management is more intensive. These are the major reasons that these lenses are not offered on the NHS.

Current Cataract Research

The National Eye Institute is conducting and supporting a number of studies focusing on factors associated with the development of age-related cataracts.

These studies include:

• The effect of sunlight exposure, which may be associated with an increased risk of cataracts.
• Vitamin supplements, which have shown varying results in delaying the progressions of cataracts.
• Genetic studies, which show promise for better understanding cataract development.

For further support and information about living with cataracts, the RNIB is a good additional resource.

Cataracts aren’t the only age-related eye condition worth knowing about — our guide to Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) covers another common one, including symptoms and treatment options.

For more on age-related eye conditions and how to manage them, see our full eye health guide. If you have any concerns about your vision, book an eye exam with your local D.I. Blow Opticians.

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If your job involves regular screen use, you’re legally entitled to a free eye test from your employer, and to VDU glasses if your optometrist finds you need a prescription specifically for screen distance. Below, we explain what VDU glasses are, what causes VDU syndrome, how to prevent it, and what your employer has to provide.

If you have dry eyes, eyestrain, headaches, or even difficulty while focusing right after or during use of a VDU screen, then chances are you have Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS) and may need to take measures to avoid it.

What Are VDU Glasses?

VDU glasses (sometimes called computer glasses or occupational glasses) are prescribed specifically for the distance between your eyes and your screen — usually around arm’s length — rather than for everyday distance or reading vision. If you spend long hours at a screen and find yourself squinting, leaning in, or getting headaches by the end of the day, VDU glasses are often the fix, even if your regular distance or reading prescription is otherwise fine.

Not everyone who uses a screen for work needs a separate prescription; your optometrist will only recommend VDU glasses if your eye test shows you’d benefit from one. If they do, your employer is legally required to contribute towards a basic pair used solely for VDU work — you’re not expected to cover the full cost yourself. You’re welcome to choose a smarter frame if you’d like, but you’ll only need to cover the difference in price.

A dedicated VDU eye examination at D.I. Blow Opticians will confirm whether you need a separate prescription for screen work, and if so, get you fitted with the right pair.

Eye Examinations

Your eye test will include questions regarding the kind of VDU screen you use at work or at home to check whether you’re facing any problems.

The amount of focus and muscle work your eyes do can be assessed through an eye examination and you will be advised accordingly. The College of Optometrists’ patient guidance, Look After Your Eyes, has further tips on protecting your eyes during screen use.

Tips For Prevention

The main risk to your eyes comes from staring at a screen for too long. For this, it is important to take regular breaks every 20 minutes to look away from the screen. This should be sufficient rest for your eyes.

Make adjustments to your monitor or screen.

Most screens come with the option of adjusting contrast, this can be manipulated to a point where the stress being cause to the eyes is at bare minimum. In order to cause less stress, the font size on your screen can be zoomed in or adjusted.

Avoiding glare and check for lights around the screen.

It is important to make sure there aren’t any bright lights around your computer screen, and that you take steps to avoid any glare being reflected off. To alleviate this, anti-glare screen can be used to reduce the damaging reflections off the screen.

Blink consistently to avoid dry eyes.

Most people while concentrating on a screen for too long do not blink as much. This is one of the main causes of dry eyes among people. For people who get dry eyes whilst using computer screens, this is a major symptom of CVS. However, it can be reduced and relieved by consulting an optometrist to get recommended, appropriate eye drops. This symptom is more common among people who use contact lenses.

Make regular eye care appointments.

The recommended period for adults is once every two years, however, it doesn’t hurt to be careful and make more regular visits. An optometrist can tell if there is any oncoming eye disease or detect other minor problems early on.

The Law

It’s important to note that if you are using a VDU screen at work, you are entitled to regular eye checks by your employer. Under the European Legislation, employees using VDU screens at work should receive and eye examination when they start and throughout the course of their employment at regular intervals.

If a person faces any eye related issues, they are entitled to any eye examination funded by their employer. If the need arises for glasses, then your employer is duty bound to pay for a basic pair which is for the purpose of use with VDU screens only. You can make your own choice, but you will have to pay for the difference in cost.

Who Qualifies?

The Health and Safety Executive’s Display Screen Equipment (DSE) Regulations 1992 guidance implemented an EC Directive that came into effect January 1993. These regulations require employees to minimise the risk in VDU work by ensuring that workplaces and jobs are well designed. The regulations apply where staff habitually use VDU’s as a significant part of their normal work.

Regulation 1 of the DSE regulations states that a ‘user’ is “an employee who habitually uses DSE as a part of his or her normal work”. A ‘user’ may work from home. Some ‘users’ will be more obvious than others. The regulations require employers to minimise the risks on VDU work.

If most, or all, of the following criteria are met, the employee is a ‘user’:
• DSE is necessary for the job as alternative means are not readily available.
• There is no choice over the use of DSE.
• Significant training and/or specific skills in the use of the DSE are required.
• The Employee normally uses DSE for continuous spells of an hour or more at a time.
• DSE is used more or less daily.
• The fast transfer of information between the employee and screen is an important requirement of the job.
• The performance requirements of the system demand high levels of attention and concentration by the user, for example where the consequence of error may be critical.

Frequently Asked Questions

What does VDU stand for?

Visual Display Unit — any screen used for work, including computer monitors, laptops, and tablets.

What are VDU glasses?

Glasses prescribed specifically for screen-distance vision, rather than general distance or reading vision.

Does my employer have to pay for VDU glasses?

Yes, if your optometrist finds you need glasses specifically for VDU work, your employer must contribute towards a basic pair.

What is VDU syndrome?

A cluster of symptoms — eye strain, headaches, dry eyes — caused by prolonged screen use, also known as Computer Vision Syndrome.

If you regularly work at a screen, a dedicated VDU eye examination at D.I. Blow Opticians can check whether your eyes need extra support. It’s also worth knowing who to see for a vision concern, and if you drive for work, whether you need to tell the DVLA you wear glasses.

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Whilst AMD does not cause total blindness, it can make everyday activities like reading and recognising faces difficult. Without treatment, your vision may get worse. This can either happen gradually over several years (dry AMD) or quickly over a few days or weeks (wet AMD).

The exact cause of AMD is unknown; however, it has been linked to age, smoking, high blood pressure, being overweight, and having a family history of AMD.

Symptoms of AMD

AMD affects the middle, or central, part of your vision. It will not affect your peripheral vision. You can get it in one eye or both.

AMD is a progressive disease, that means symptoms will typically get worse over time.

Symptoms include:
• Seeing straight lines as wavy or crooked.
• Blurred vision when looking directly at something.
• Colours seeming less bright than they used to.
• Seeing things that are not there (hallucinations).

Sometimes AMD may be found during a routine eye test before you have symptoms. This is why booking in for eye tests regularly is crucial.

When getting diagnosed for AMD, an optometrist will look at the back of your eyes and check your vision.

Types of AMD

There are two types of AMD you should be aware of:

Dry AMD (Atrophic AMD)

Dry AMD is caused by a build-up of a fatty substance called drusen at the back of the eyes. This is the more common type of AMD.

There are 3 stages of Dry AMD: early, intermediate, and late.

Dry AMD will get worse gradually, usually over several years. There is no treatment unless it develops into Wet AMD.

Wet AMD (Neovascular AMD)

Wet AMD is caused by the growth of abnormal blood vessels at the back of the eyes. This is the less common type of AMD.

Wet AMD can get worse quickly, sometimes in days or weeks. There is treatment available to help stop your vision from getting worse.

Treatment for Wet AMD

The main treatment for Wet AMD is eye injections.

Eye Injections
• Injections given directly into the eyes.
• Stops vision getting worse in 9 out of 10 people and improves vision in 3 out of 10 people.
• Usually given every 1, 2, or 3 months for as long as necessary.
• Drops numb the eyes before treatment – most people have minimal discomfort.
• Side effects include feeling like there’s something in the eye, and redness and irritation of the eye.

Who is at Risk of AMD?

You risk of AMD increases as you get older. People age 60 and older are more likely to have AMD. The risk of AMD is also higher for people who:

• Have a family history of AMD.
• Are Caucasian.
• Smoke.

How Can I Lower my Risk of AMD?

According to research, you may be able to lower your risk of AMD by:

• Quitting smoking or just not starting.
• Exercising regularly.
• Maintaining healthy blood pressure and cholesterol levels.
• Eating healthy foods, including leafy green vegetables and fish.

OCT and AMD

Ocular Coherence Tomography is an advanced eye scan for people of all ages. Similar to ultrasound, OCT uses light rather than sound waves to illustrate the different layers that make up the back of the eye. A 3D OCT unit captures a digital photograph of the surface of the eye at the same time and this can be cross referenced across any areas of concern.

The major benefit of this machine is that it allows your optometrist to see both the back of your eye and a 3D image to look beneath the surface of the regular retinal image. Your optometrist can now find the exact state and location of a particular eye condition. They can review the images on a PC screen and pin point areas of concern by digitally peeling the layers back until they define what it is they have identified as requiring further investigation.

How Does AMD Look on an OCT Scan?

An OCT scan can measure the thickness of the retina and identify any fluid filled areas. OCT scans also examine the choroid, a layer of tissue between the sclera – the white outer layer – and the retina at the back of the eye. The choroid contains blood vessels that supply the eye with nutrients and oxygen.

Images from an OCT scan can show:
• Drusen, small deposits of protein and lipids that collect under the retina.
• The structure of the retina.
• Any new or abnormal blood vessels.
• Any bleeding within the eye.

Using this machine, we can more confidently diagnose, manage and refer you to a specialist for further treatment, should this be required. Striving to provide the best eye care, D.I. Blow Opticians can now provide this state of the art diagnostic tool with your eye test, if you so desire. There may be an additional charge for the OCT scan, but the benefits are obvious. The software can automatically detect even the most subtle changes in the retina with every eye test you take. This gives an invaluable on- going record of the health and condition of your eyes.

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If your vision continues to get worse, you might want to consider registering your sight loss. This can help make it easier to claim financial benefits, such as help with health costs.

For general guidance on eye health, the College of Optometrists’ Look After Your Eyes service has AMD-specific information, and The Macular Society has information you might find useful. It also has a helpline on 0300 3030 111.

The post Understanding AMD appeared first on D.I.Blow Opticians.

People who have Down’s syndrome are more likely to have difficulties with their eyesight, up to half will need to wear glasses. It is vital that children, young people, and adults have regular eye checks to minimise the effects of any sight difficulty they have.

About Down’s Syndrome and The Eyes

Teenagers and adult who have Down’s syndrome should have a full assessment by an optician every year.

Anyone who has Down’s syndrome, aged 14 or over, is entitled to a free annual health check with their GP and vision should be discussed as part of this check. This is in addition to regular eye tests from an optician, it does not replace them.

Even when people with Down’s syndrome are wearing correctly fitted glasses, they will still have poor visual acuity. This means their world lacks firm details and sharp contrasts. This is the case for everyone who has Down’s syndrome.

If a person’s behaviour has changed, they appear confused or have lost skills, it’s a good idea to check for an underlying medical cause such as changes in vision. They may not be able to tell you their sight has changed.

Vision Problems in Young Children with Down’s Syndrome

Since refractive errors (long and short sight), nystagmus (wobbly eyes) and squint (eye turn) are more common in children who have Down’s syndrome, children should have a full eye examination before the age of 2.

Typically, children who have long or short sight at birth will grow out of this over the first 2-3 years. Children who have Down’s syndrome are highly unlikely to grow out of these conditions and can develop significant long or short sight in the early years. About 60% of children with Down’s syndrome will need glasses by the age of 4.

Visual acuity (detail vision) and contrast sensitivity (the ability to see faint targets) are reduced in all people who have Down’s syndrome, even when the correct glasses are worn. This means that children struggle to access conventional learning materials at school and teachers must make appropriate adjustments.

Keratoconus

Keratoconus is an eye disease that usually occurs during or after puberty. It can cause corneal thinning or haze and blurred vision. Glasses are used as an early treatment. As the disease progresses, corneal collagen cross-linking can be used. This involves a solution being applied to the eyes followed by ultraviolet light which causes new collagen bonds to form. In advanced stages, surgical options may be considered. Keratoconus is extremely common in individuals with Down’s syndrome.

Tear Ducts

Many individuals with Down’s syndrome have tear duct abnormalities. Family or caregivers may notice frequent tearing or discharge from the eyes that becomes worse during colds. Often the first line of treatment is massage over the space between the eye and the nose 2-3 times a day to attempt to open the tear duct. If the symptoms continue, the tear duct may need to be opened by a surgical procedure.

Cataracts

Children who have Down’s syndrome are at an increased risk of cataracts at birth or shortly after, the recommendation is children’s eyes should be checked for cataracts by the age of 6 weeks.
If cataracts are present from early in a child’s life, then a clear image is not delivered to the brain, and the brain does not ‘learn’ to see. If the cataract is not removed, it can result in lifelong vision impairment. This is why early detection of cataracts in infants and children is so important.

Other common eye issues in people with Down’s syndrome include strabismus (one or both eyes turn inward or outward), amblyopia (lazy eye with vision impairment), and nystagmus (involuntary movement of the eyes).

Strabismus does not necessarily cause vision impairment, it can be treated with glasses, eye patching, and in severe cases surgery. If left untreated, strabismus can cause amblyopia.

Amblyopia occurs when vision does not develop normally due to the eyes being misaligned and results in vision loss.

Nystagmus is an involuntary side to side, up and down, or circular movement of the eyes. It typically involves both eyes. Nystagmus may go away on its own with time, be managed with glasses, or in severe cases require surgery.

FAQs

Do People with Down’s Syndrome Have Eye Problems?

Yes. People with Down’s syndrome are more likely to have difficulties with their eyesight, and up to half will need to wear glasses. Regular eye checks help minimise the impact of any sight difficulties.

How Often Should Someone with Down’s Syndrome Have an Eye Test?

Teenagers and adults with Down’s syndrome should have a full assessment by an optician every year. Young children should have a full eye examination before the age of 2, as refractive errors, nystagmus, and squint are more common and less likely to resolve on their own than in children without Down’s syndrome.

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If you’re worried about your or someone else’s eye health, get in contact with your local D. I. Blow Opticians and book in for an eye test today.

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In the UK, around 98% of children will survive but early diagnosis is really important.

This guide is going to go over the details of retinoblastoma, including the signs & symptoms and the importance of early diagnosis.

Signs & Symptoms

Retinoblastoma is a rare condition, so it is important to note that the following symptoms can be caused by other conditions, regardless it is important to get your child’s eyes checked.

• White Eye or Glow: You might see a while glow in the eye, sometimes described as a ‘cat’s eye’, a white pupil or white reflection in a photo where a flash has been used, or when your child is in artificial light or a darkish room.
• Squint: A squint, where the eyes do not look in the same direction, can sometimes be a symptom of retinoblastoma. In many cases, it’s nothing more than a squint, but all children should be checked out just in case.
• Red, Sore, or Swollen Eye: Your child’s eye may become very inflamed for no obvious reasons and with no sign of infection. This symptom is usually accompanied by one or more of the other signs described here.
• Change in Iris Colour: The iris can change colour in one eye, sometimes only in one area.
• No Red Eye: In a photo where one eye has ‘red eye’ (which is normal), the other eye may look black. This can be a sign that something is not right.
• Deterioration in Sight: Your child’s vision may begin to deteriorate, or they may have poor vision from birth. You may notice that they don’t focus, fix and follow as well as other children of the same age.

Cause

Retinoblastoma is often linked to a change in a gene that controls the growth of the eye. The change in this gene means cells in the back of the eye, retina, can grow uncontrollably. The changed gene may be passed to a child by their parents, or the gene may change as a child grows.

Unfortunately, it is not possible to prevent retinoblastoma, but screening tests can pick it up early. These tests can be carried out from birth.

Getting Diagnosed

If you’re worried that your child is showing a symptom of retinoblastoma, take them to your local optician/optometrist to have their eyes examined as soon as possible.

Test for retinoblastoma may include:
• A Red Reflex Test: A specialist will look at the back of the eye using a light.
• An Ultrasound Scan: Where a small device will be placed on the eye to take images of the inside of the eye.
• A Blood Test: To test for changes in the gene which can sometimes cause retinoblastoma.
• A Vision Test: To check your child’s eyesight.
• An MRI Scan: To check parts of the head around the eyes.

If you have any unusual photos of your child’s eye/s, take these to the optometrists with you for them to examine.

If retinoblastoma is suspected, an urgent referral will be made for your child to be seen at one of the two retinoblastoma treatment centres in the UK – The Royal London Hospital in Whitechapel, or Birmingham Children’s Hospital. An appointment will be made for your child to be seen within a week and the retinoblastoma service team will contact you, usually by telephone, before your appointment.

Treatment

Retinoblastoma can usually be successfully treated if found early. Treatment aims to get rid of the cancer but there is a high chance your child may lose some, or all, of their vision in the affected eye.

The treatment your child will have will depend on:
• The size of the cancer.
• Where the cancer is.
• If it has spread.
• Your child’s age and health.

You may be offered a combination of treatments including chemotherapy, laser treatment, cryotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery.

Laser Treatment: Laser treatment uses a strong beam of light directed into the eye to kill cancer cells. Your child may have laser treatment for retinoblastoma if the tumour is small. Very small tumours may be successfully treated with laser therapy alone.

Cryotherapy: Cyrotherapy uses freezing to kill cancer cells. A small device is placed on the eye to freeze the cancer. Your child might have cryotherapy if the tumour is small or if the tumour is on the outer edge of the retina.

Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy is medicine that kills cancer cells. Your child might have chemotherapy to shrink the tumour before having another treatment or to treat cancer that’s in both eyes or has spread.

Radiotherapy: Radiotherapy uses radiation to kill cancer cells. It’s usually done by putting a small piece of radioactive material in the eye, or sometimes by aiming a beam of radiation at the tumour (proton beam therapy). Your child might have radiotherapy if the tumour is small, or other treatments have not worked.

Surgery: Sometimes surgery might be needed to remove the affected eye. This is called enucleation. Surgery may be needed because the cancer is spreading to other parts of the eye or other treatments have not worked. If your child’s eye is removed, it will be replaced with an artificial eye that looks and moves similar to their other eye.

Children will have regular follow-ups to check for any recurrence of the cancer and for any problems which may arise as a result of the treatment they were given.

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Retinoblastoma is one of several children’s eye conditions worth being aware of — our guide to Down’s syndrome and eye care covers another, more common one affecting children.

For more on eye conditions and general eye health, see our full eye health guide.

If you’re worried about your child’s eye health, book your child in for a comprehensive eye exam with your local D. I. Blow Opticians today.

The post Retinoblastoma: A Guide appeared first on D.I.Blow Opticians.

At first, diabetic retinopathy might cause no apparent symptoms, but left untreated, it can lead to blindness.

Diabetic retinopathy can develop in anyone who has type 1 or type 2 diabetes. The longer you have diabetes and the less controlled your blood sugar is, the more likely you are to develop it.

What are the Symptoms of Diabetic Retinopathy?

Whilst early stages of diabetic retinopathy might cause no apparent symptoms, as the condition progresses you might develop:

• Spots or dark strings floating in your vision
• Blurred vision
• Fluctuating vision
• Dark or empty areas in your vision
• Vision loss

What Causes Diabetic Retinopathy?

Over time, too much sugar in your blood can lead to the blockage of the tiny blood vessels that nourish the retina, cutting off its blood supply. As a result, the eye attempts to grow new blood vessels. These new blood vessels don’t develop properly and can leak easily.

There Are Two Types Of Diabetic Retinopathy:

Early Diabetic Retinopathy:

In this more common form, called nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), new blood vessels aren’t growing (proliferating).

When you have NPDR, the walls of the blood vessels in your retina weaken. Tiny bulges protrude from the walls of the smaller vessels, sometimes leaking fluid and blood into the retina. Larger retinal vessels can also begin to dilate and become irregular in diameter.

Sometimes retinal blood vessel damage can lead to a buildup of fluid (edema) in the centre (macula) of the retina. If macula edema decreases vision, treatment is required to prevent permanent vision loss.

Advanced Diabetic Retinopathy:

Diabetic retinopathy can progress to this more severe type known as proliferative diabetic retinopathy. With this type, damaged blood vessels close off causing the growth of new, abnormal blood vessels in the retina. These new blood vessels are fragile and can leak into the clear, jellylike substance that fills the centre of your eye (vitreous).

Eventually, if left untreated, scar tissue from the growth of new blood vessels can cause the retina to detach from the back of your eye. If the new blood vessels interfere with the normal flow of fluid out of the eye, pressure can build in the eyeball. This build-up can then damage the nerve that carries images from your eye to your brain (optic nerve) resulting in glaucoma.

What are the Risk Factors of Diabetic Retinopathy

Anyone who has diabetes can develop diabetic retinopathy. The risk of developing the eye condition can increase as a result of:

• Having diabetes for a long time
• Poor control of your blood sugar
• High blood pressure
• High cholesterol
• Pregnancy
• Smoking
• Being Black, Hispanic, or Native American

How to Prevent Diabetic Retinopathy

If you have diabetes, reduce your risk of getting diabetic retinopathy by doing the following:

• Manage your diabetes and monitor your blood sugar levels
• Keep your blood pressure and cholesterol under control
• Quit, or never start, smoking
• Pay attention to any changes in your vision

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Diabetic retinopathy isn’t the only retina-related condition worth being aware of — our guide to Age-Related Macular Degeneration covers another common one affecting central vision as we age.

For more on how ageing and other conditions can affect your eyes, see our full eye health guide.

If you have a concern about your eyes, book in with your local D. I. Blow Opticians today for a comprehensive eye exam and let’s put your mind at ease.

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